Photon science
Research with photons provides insights into fundamental material properties and shows how they can be controlled.
In order to optimise materials for present and future applications and to give them targeted functions, we need to understand them at the fundamental level. How, for example, does a physical effect in an atomic structure influence the behaviour of a material? How should the electrons be arranged in the atom for the material to behave as desired? Our synchrotron radiation source BESSY II is a unique facility for exploring such questions. We are constantly probing the limits of experimentation and the limits of material processes. At HZB, we are fascinated by the following questions:
- How does the functionality of a material emerge and how can we control it?
- How are chemical reactions controlled at the atomic level?
- What decides the efficiency of phase transitions and switching processes in components?
- How can we identify the limiting steps in the conversion of light into energy?
- How can we improve biochemical processes and optimise them for industrial applications?
In answering these and similar questions, the arrangement of atoms and, above all, the electronic structure in molecules and materials play a decisive role, given that it is the electrons that are responsible for almost all properties of matter.
For our research, we primarily use soft X-ray radiation in the necessary quality and intensity that only synchrotron radiation sources like BESSY II can generate. Based on the interaction between matter and X-rays, we are continually developing suitable experiments, instruments and new methodological approaches.
An X-ray pulse probes the delocalization of iron 3d electrons onto adjacent ligands. Copyright: M. Künsting/HZB
Example: transition metal complexes.
These consist of one or more metal atoms surrounded by many possible kinds of molecules bound to them. Such complexes act as catalysts that accelerate certain chemical reactions, including conversion of sunlight into electricity. In many of these complexes, the central metal atom is a rare and thus expensive metal, such as ruthenium as used in dye solar cells. Indisputably, it would be preferable to replace these with cheaper metals such as iron.
We are studying the properties and elementary functions of these complexes in detail. We use inelastic X-ray scattering at BESSY II to measure how much light energy is absorbed by individual molecules, and what role the neighbouring molecules in the complex play. By irradiating an iron complex with short X-ray pulses, for example, we can follow systematically how it responds to being illuminated and energetically excited with light. These and other studies will reveal what is most important in transition metal complexes for converting light efficiently into electrical energy.
The enzyme MHETase is a huge and complex molecule. MHET-molecules from PET plastic dock at the active site inside the MHETase and are broken down into their basic building blocks. Copyright: M. Künsting/HZB
Example: enzymes.
These are proteins that play a vital role in living organisms. They copy DNA, keep metabolic processes going, synthesise all important components of life, and much more. Some diseases can be treated by targetedly stimulating or blocking certain enzymes in the organism using tiny active molecules. Furthermore, bacteria can be used to produce energy by having them process various kinds of substances, for example plastics like PET, making them of great interest for industrial applications.
Our researchers aim to understand the functions of these large protein molecules at the atomic level. One can then control them with smaller molecules, or targetedly modify a component so that the molecule can accomplish a specific task such as breaking down plastics. The methods we use for these investigations are X-ray crystallography and X-ray microscopy with synchrotron radiation.
A short laser pulse pertubates magnetic order in dysprosium. Copyright: HZB
Example: switching processes.
These are the heartbeat of our digital world. Switching processes are constantly going on in all electronic devices, be it a computer or a smartphone, a factory controller or an autopilot system. Improving the physical and chemical process directly results in more powerful and more efficient devices. Researchers around the world are therefore working to shrink these switches down to the limits of feasibility and thus reduce the amount of energy for switching process to the absolute minimum.
At HZB, we are examining the fundamentals of switching processes. We study processes that take place in just a billionth of a second. We are looking for materials that can be switched with minimal effort and are studying arrangements made from just a few atoms. Atom clusters and molecular magnets are the smallest magnetically switchable units. Our research benefits from the special properties of the synchrotron radiation from BESSY II where, for example, the polarisation and wavelength of the radiation can be adjusted and varied with extreme precision.